MDM331AID/Experiment 3 - Revision history

CogWikiEditor: /* Arduino Program */

2026-10-07T15:57:43Z

Arduino Program

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:57, 7 October 2026
Line 111:		Line 111:
	== Arduino Program ==		== Arduino Program ==

	<~~syntaxhighlight lang="cpp"~~>		<pre>
	const int ledPin = 8;		const int ledPin = 8;

Line 127:		Line 127:
	delay(1000);		delay(1000);
	}		}
	</~~syntaxhighlight~~>		</pre>

	== Code Explanation ==		== Code Explanation ==

CogWikiEditor: /* Theory */

2026-10-02T14:35:40Z

Theory

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:35, 2 October 2026
Line 40:		Line 40:
	\| 1		\| 1
	\|}		\|}


	== Theory ==		== Theory ==
Line 47:		Line 48:
	An IoT device consists of physical hardware and software that work together to sense, process, communicate, and perform actions. A typical IoT device includes the following components:		An IoT device consists of physical hardware and software that work together to sense, process, communicate, and perform actions. A typical IoT device includes the following components:

	* Processing unit: A microcontroller or processor that executes the program and controls device operations.		* '''Processing unit:''' A microcontroller or processor that executes the program and controls device operations.
	* Input interface: GPIO pins and sensor interfaces used to receive data from external components.		* '''Input interface:''' GPIO pins and sensor interfaces used to receive data from external components.
	* Output interface: GPIO pins used to control actuators such as LEDs, buzzers, relays, and motors.		* '''Output interface:''' GPIO pins used to control actuators such as LEDs, buzzers, relays, and motors.
	* Communication interface: Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Ethernet, or other communication technologies used to exchange data.		* '''Communication interface:''' Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Ethernet, or other communication technologies used to exchange data.
	* Power supply: Provides the electrical energy required for device operation.		* '''Power supply:''' Provides the electrical energy required for device operation.

	In this experiment, the Arduino UNO acts as the processing unit, and the LED acts as a simple output actuator.		In this experiment, the Arduino UNO acts as the processing unit, and the LED acts as a simple output actuator.
Line 60:		Line 61:

	Arduino UNO digital pins can be configured as:		Arduino UNO digital pins can be configured as:
	* INPUT: To read digital signals.
	* OUTPUT: To generate digital signals.		* '''INPUT:''' To read digital signals.
	* INPUT_PULLUP: To read digital signals using an internal pull-up resistor.		* '''OUTPUT:''' To generate digital signals.
			* '''INPUT_PULLUP:''' To read digital signals using an internal pull-up resistor.

	For LED control, the GPIO pin is configured as an output.		For LED control, the GPIO pin is configured as an output.
Line 70:		Line 72:
	Actuation is the process of converting a control signal into a physical action. In this experiment, the Arduino generates a digital HIGH or LOW signal on a GPIO pin to switch the LED on or off.		Actuation is the process of converting a control signal into a physical action. In this experiment, the Arduino generates a digital HIGH or LOW signal on a GPIO pin to switch the LED on or off.

	* HIGH: The output pin is set to a logic HIGH voltage, approximately 5 V on an Arduino UNO.		* '''HIGH:''' The output pin is set to a logic HIGH voltage, approximately 5 V on an Arduino UNO.
	* LOW: The output pin is set to a logic LOW voltage, approximately 0 V.		* '''LOW:''' The output pin is set to a logic LOW voltage, approximately 0 V.

	This demonstrates a basic form of device actuation. In a complete IoT system, commands could be received over a network and used to control the same GPIO output.		This demonstrates a basic form of device actuation. In a complete IoT system, commands could be received over a network and used to control the same GPIO output.

CogWikiEditor: Created page with " = Experiment 3: Arduino-Based LED Control Using GPIO Pins = == Aim == To implement a simple IoT-oriented application using an Arduino UNO board to control an LED through GPIO pins and understand the physical design of IoT devices and the concept of device actuation. == Objectives == * To understand the physical components of an IoT device. * To configure Arduino GPIO pins as digital outputs. * To control an LED using digital signals. * To understand the role of actuat..."

2026-10-02T14:33:50Z

Created page with " = Experiment 3: Arduino-Based LED Control Using GPIO Pins = == Aim == To implement a simple IoT-oriented application using an Arduino UNO board to control an LED through GPIO pins and understand the physical design of IoT devices and the concept of device actuation. == Objectives == * To understand the physical components of an IoT device. * To configure Arduino GPIO pins as digital outputs. * To control an LED using digital signals. * To understand the role of actuat..."

New page

= Experiment 3: Arduino-Based LED Control Using GPIO Pins =

== Aim ==
To implement a simple IoT-oriented application using an Arduino UNO board to control an LED through GPIO pins and understand the physical design of IoT devices and the concept of device actuation.

== Objectives ==
* To understand the physical components of an IoT device.
* To configure Arduino GPIO pins as digital outputs.
* To control an LED using digital signals.
* To understand the role of actuators in IoT applications.
* To observe the relationship between software commands and physical device actions.

== Components Required ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sr. No.
! Component
! Quantity
|-
| 1
| Arduino UNO Development Board (COG-U1)
| 1
|-
| 2
| LED bar available on the Arduino kit
| 1
|-
| 3
| USB data cable
| 1
|-
| 4
| Patch cords
| As required
|-
| 5
| Computer with Arduino IDE
| 1
|}

== Theory ==

=== Physical Design of an IoT Device ===

An IoT device consists of physical hardware and software that work together to sense, process, communicate, and perform actions. A typical IoT device includes the following components:

* **Processing unit:** A microcontroller or processor that executes the program and controls device operations.
* **Input interface:** GPIO pins and sensor interfaces used to receive data from external components.
* **Output interface:** GPIO pins used to control actuators such as LEDs, buzzers, relays, and motors.
* **Communication interface:** Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Ethernet, or other communication technologies used to exchange data.
* **Power supply:** Provides the electrical energy required for device operation.

In this experiment, the Arduino UNO acts as the processing unit, and the LED acts as a simple output actuator.

=== GPIO Pins ===

GPIO stands for General Purpose Input/Output. These pins allow a microcontroller to interact with external electronic components.

Arduino UNO digital pins can be configured as:
* **INPUT:** To read digital signals.
* **OUTPUT:** To generate digital signals.
* **INPUT_PULLUP:** To read digital signals using an internal pull-up resistor.

For LED control, the GPIO pin is configured as an output.

=== Device Actuation ===

Actuation is the process of converting a control signal into a physical action. In this experiment, the Arduino generates a digital HIGH or LOW signal on a GPIO pin to switch the LED on or off.

* **HIGH:** The output pin is set to a logic HIGH voltage, approximately 5 V on an Arduino UNO.
* **LOW:** The output pin is set to a logic LOW voltage, approximately 0 V.

This demonstrates a basic form of device actuation. In a complete IoT system, commands could be received over a network and used to control the same GPIO output.

== Pin Connections ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Arduino UNO Pin
! LED Bar Connection
! Description
|-
| D8
| LED bar input
| Digital output for LED control
|-
| GND
| LED bar GND
| Common ground
|}

'''Note:''' The connection above assumes that the LED bar has a compatible input connection for direct GPIO control. Verify the LED bar's actual pin labels and current-limiting arrangement before connecting it. If the kit's LED bar uses a different interface, follow its board-specific connection details.

== Connection Diagram ==

<pre>
Arduino UNO
+-------------+
| |
| D8 |---------------- LED Bar Input
| |
| GND |---------------- LED Bar GND
| |
+-------------+
</pre>

== Arduino Program ==

<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
const int ledPin = 8;

void setup() {
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
}

void loop() {
// Turn LED ON
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
delay(1000);

// Turn LED OFF
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
delay(1000);
}
</syntaxhighlight>

== Code Explanation ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Statement
! Description
|-
| const int ledPin = 8;
| Defines digital pin 8 as the LED control pin.
|-
| pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
| Configures the selected GPIO pin as an output.
|-
| digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
| Sets the GPIO output to HIGH to turn the LED on, assuming active-HIGH wiring.
|-
| delay(1000);
| Pauses program execution for 1000 milliseconds.
|-
| digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
| Sets the GPIO output to LOW to turn the LED off, assuming active-HIGH wiring.
|}

== Procedure ==

# Connect the Arduino UNO board to the computer using the USB data cable.
# Connect the LED bar input to digital pin D8 and its ground to Arduino GND, after verifying the LED bar's pinout and compatibility.
# Open the Arduino IDE.
# Select the appropriate Arduino UNO board and COM port.
# Enter the given Arduino program.
# Compile and upload the program to the Arduino UNO.
# Observe the LED switching on and off at one-second intervals.
# Modify the delay values and observe how the blinking speed changes.

== Observations ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sr. No.
! GPIO Output
! Expected LED State
|-
| 1
| HIGH
| ON
|-
| 2
| LOW
| OFF
|-
| 3
| HIGH
| ON
|-
| 4
| LOW
| OFF
|}

The expected output is a repeating sequence of one second ON followed by one second OFF. Actual behavior depends on the LED bar's electrical interface and polarity.

== Result ==

The Arduino UNO was programmed to control an LED through a GPIO pin. The experiment demonstrates GPIO output configuration and basic device actuation, illustrating how software commands can produce physical actions in an IoT device.

== Viva Questions ==

# What is the full form of GPIO?
# What is the function of a microcontroller in an IoT device?
# What is the difference between digital input and digital output?
# What is device actuation?
# What is the purpose of the pinMode() function?
# What is the function of digitalWrite()?
# What is the difference between HIGH and LOW logic levels?
# Why is a current-limiting resistor required for a conventional LED?
# What is the role of a communication interface in an IoT device?
# How could this experiment be extended to control an LED remotely over Wi-Fi?